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Pharmacological Index

Genito Urinary System

"The urinary system or renal system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The female and male urinary system are very similar, they differ only in the length of the urethra. In the human male, the urethra is about 8 inches (20 cm) long and opens at the end of the penis. The urethra provides an exit for urine as well as semen during ejaculation. The urethra is divided into four parts in men, named after the location:
1. Pre-prostatic urethra: This is the intramural part of the urethra and varies between 0.5 and 1.5 cm in length depending on the fullness of the bladder.
2. Prostatic urethra: Crosses through the prostate gland. There are several openings: (1) the ejaculatory duct receives sperm from the vas deferens and ejaculate fluid from the seminal vesicle, (2) several prostatic ducts where fluid from the prostate enters and contributes to the ejaculate, (3) the prostatic utricle, which is merely an indentation. These openings are collectively called the verumontanum.
3. Membranous urethra: A small (1 or 2 cm) portion passing through the external urethral sphincter. This is the narrowest part of the urethra. It is located in the deep perineal pouch. The bulbourethral glands (Cowper's gland) are found posterior to this region but open in the spongy urethra.
4. Spongy urethra (or penile urethra): Runs along the length of the penis on its ventral (underneath) surface. It is about 15–16 cm in length, and travels through the corpus spongiosum. The ducts from the urethral gland (gland of Littre) enter here. The openings of the bulbourethral glands are also found here. Some textbooks will subdivide the spongy urethra into two parts, the bulbous and pendulous urethra. The urethral lumen runs effectively parallel to the penis, except at the narrowest point, the external urethral meatus, where it is vertical. This produces a spiral stream of urine and has the effect of cleaning the external urethral meatus. The lack of an equivalent mechanism in the female urethra partly explains why urinary tract infections occur so much more frequently in females. In the human female, the urethra is about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) to 2 inches (5.1 cm) long and exits the body between the clitoris and the vagina, extending from the internal to the external urethral orifice. It is placed behind the symphysis pubis, embedded in the anterior wall of the vagina, and its direction is obliquely downward and forward; it is slightly curved with the concavity directed forward. Its lining is composed of stratified squamous epithelium, which becomes transitional near the bladder. The urethra consists of three coats: muscular, erectile, and mucous, the muscular layer being a continuation of that of the bladder. Between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, the female urethra is surrounded by the Sphincter urethrae (urethral sphincter). Somatic (conscious) innervation of the external urethral sphincter is supplied by the pudendal nerve. The uro-genital sinus may be divided into three component parts. The first of these is the cranial portion which is continuous with the allantois and forms the bladder proper. The pelvic part of the sinus forms the prostatic urethra and epithelium as well as the membranous urethra and bulbo urethral glands in the male and the membranous urethra and part of the vagina in females."

Bladder and Prostate

"The prostate gland is about the size of walnut and is only found in men. Located just below the neck of the bladder, it surrounds the bladder outlet or urethra. Its job is to secrete a milky fluid that becomes part of the semen and nourishes the sperm.
As men age, the prostate gland enlarges. In most cases, this causes no problems at all, but for some this enlargement can cause urinary problems such as:
1. a slow and/or interrupted stream
2. difficulty starting to pass urine
3. increased need to pass urine more frequently
4. a feeling of incomplete emptying
5. loss of urinary control (eg incontinence).
Poor bladder control due to prostate disease can be treated in a number of ways."

API For Bladder and Prostate

    Alfuzosin
    Doxazosin
    Dutasteride
    Finasteride
    Flavoxate
    Oxybutynin
    Tamsulosin
    Terazosin
    Tolterodine Tartrate
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